In response to these high inflationary pressures, the Central Bank increased the discount/repo rate by a cumulative 200 basis points between January and September 2022 (from 4% at the beginning of the year). The fiscal deficit was contained within budget limits—at 4. 6% of GDP—as the government implemented expenditure cuts, including public investment, in line with its three-year fiscal adjustment plan. The reduction in the fiscal deficit took place in the context of lower overall revenues amid lower South African Customs Union (SACU) revenues.
Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now The Lubombo escarpment and plateau covers about 5 percent of the country, consisting of a narrow strip of about 600 square miles. It rises abruptly from the Lowveld to an average altitude of 2, 000 feet, with higher peaks (Siteki and Mananga) of about 2, 500 feet in the north. It is deeply dissected by the gorges of three of the main rivers that traverse the country from west to east, the Umbuluzi, the Usutu, and the Ingwavuma.
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The national capital is the seat of King Mswati III and his mother, some 11 miles from Mbabane, at Phondvo in the vicinity of Lobamba, where the houses of parliament and other national institutions are situated. In April 2018 the king announced that he was changing the official name of the country from the Kingdom of Swaziland to the Kingdom of Eswatini. Land Relief and soils A long and complex geologic history has created a landscape with a surprising variety of relief, climate, and soils for such a small country. There are four well-defined physiographic regions, extending longitudinally from north to south in roughly parallel belts.
From west to east they are the Highveld, the Middleveld, the Lowveld, and the Lubombo (Lebombo) escarpment. Geologically, the oldest formations are in the west, and the youngest are in the east. The Highveld, covering about 30 percent of the country, is a complex of granites and more ancient metamorphosed quartzites, sandstones, and volcanics that has been eroded into a rugged mountain land. The average elevation is between 3, 500 and 4, 500 feet (1, 100 and 1, 400 metres); the highest points are the summit massifs of Bulembu (6, 108 feet [1, 862 metres]) and Ngwenya (5, 997 feet [1, 828 metres]) in the extreme west.
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OverviewEswatini is a landlocked country bordering South Africa and Mozambique in Southern Africa. Poverty levels have stagnated at high levels in the last five years, with 36. 1% of the population of 1. 2 million estimated to have been living under the international $2. 15 poverty line in 2016 and 2017. Eswatini’s close economic ties to South Africa mean about 85% of its imports and about 60% of its exports depend on its much larger neighbor. It is a member of the Common Monetary Area (CMA), with Lesotho, Namibia, and South Africa.
Known to the Swazi as Inkangala (a cold, treeless place), the Highveld was the last part of the country to be settled. Its deeper-weathered red to yellow acid soils have developed on the gentler gradients and in river valleys. The Middleveld occupies about one-fourth of the country and has an average altitude of 2, 000 to 2, 500 feet (610 to 760 metres). It is a region of rolling uplands and wide, well-watered valleys. It is mainly underlain by ancient granites and gneisses (metamorphosed granites), with dolerites and quartzites, which have weathered deeply to produce friable red and clay loams interspersed with shallower profiles of sands and sandy loams.
The cessation of maritime airflow in winter months because of intensified continental winds produces a high degree of climatic variability. The climate is also subject to steep temperature and precipitation gradients from west to east because of the fall in altitude of about 4, 000 feet over a distance of about 50 miles. Average maximum and minimum monthly temperatures are 72 °F (22 °C) and 52 °F (11 °C) in the Highveld and 84 °F (29 °C) and 59 °F (15 °C) in the Lowveld. The Middleveld occupies an intermediate position in these gradations.
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In the south the Ingwavuma rises in western Eswatini and also cuts through the Lubombo. Climate The climate is in general subtropical, but it is strongly influenced by the country’s position on the eastern side of southern Africa, which exposes it to moist maritime tropical air coming off the Indian Ocean for much of the year.
Eswatini falls within the summer rainfall region of the subcontinent, where about 80 percent of the precipitation falls during the summer months of October to March, usually in the form of thunderstorms and frontal rains. Average annual rainfall in the Highveld is about 55 inches (1, 400 mm), in the Middleveld 34 inches, in the Lowveld about 22 inches, and on the Lubombo about 35 inches. However, variability in the annual totals is great, and figures have fluctuated dramatically from year to year.
Inflationary pressures picked up during 2022Q2, mainly driven by food and transport costs and a depreciating local currency. Annual inflation averaged 4. 2% in 2022Q2, higher than 3. 2% in 2022Q1 and 3. 7% in 2021Q2; it continued on an upward trend as it increased to 5. 8% in August 2022 from 5. 4% in July 2022. Transport and food contributed to over half of annual inflation, and the exchange rate depreciated by about 6% during first half of 2022.
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However, smaller mammals—such as the baboon, monkey, jackal, and mongoose—may still be encountered, and several types of snake have a wide distribution. Crocodiles are also common in Lowveld rivers. Birdlife is abundant in each habitat and comprises both resident and migrant (breeding and nonbreeding) populations. The migrants come from central and North Africa and from farther afield (northern Europe and eastern Asia in the case of storks, swallows, and hawks). Distinctive among the more common birds are barbets, weavers, the various hornbills, the lilac-breasted roller, and the purple-crested loerie.
People Ethnic groups The Swazi nation is an amalgamation of more than 70 clans. Their chiefs form the traditional hierarchy under the ngwenyama and ndlovukazi, who are of the largest clan, the Dlamini. The amalgamation brought together clans already living in the area that is now Eswatini, many of whom were of Sotho origin, and clans of Nguni origin who entered the country with the Dlamini in the early 19th century. Traditional administration and culture are regulated by an uncodified Swazi Law and Custom, which is recognized both constitutionally and judicially. The language is siSwati, which is akin to Zulu, though it shares official status with English, which is in fact used generally for official written communication. The Swazis constitute more than four-fifths of the population, the remainder being immigrants from Mozambique, South Africa, and the rest of the world.
Under the CMA, the Eswatini lilangeni (the domestic currency) is pegged to the South African rand, which is also legal tender in the country. The economy had a strong rebound in 2021, with real GDP growth estimated at 7. 9%, up from a 1. 6% contraction in 2020. The easing of lockdown measures in 2021 supported export-oriented sectors, as well as the robust recovery in external demand in key destination markets. Though political unrest in June/July 2021 resulted in the destruction of physical assets, theft of inventory, and constrained operational hours, its impact on production was partly mitigated by a Reconstruction Fund, set up by the government to cushion businesses from lasting effects of the damage.
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The plateau soils vary considerably, from shallow sands to deeper loams, depending on the composition of the volcanic lavas that form the bedrock. The Swazi have no specific name for this part of the country. Drainage Eswatini is one of the best-watered countries in southern Africa. Major perennial rivers, which have their sources in South Africa, flow through the country to the Indian Ocean. They are the Lomati, the Komati, the Umbuluzi, and the Usutu. The Usutu has the largest catchment in the country, with three main tributaries, the Usushwana, the Ngwempisi, and the Mkhondvo.
Eswatini | Culture, History, & PeopleAudio File: National anthem of Eswatini Head Of State And Government: King: Mswati III, assisted by Prime Minister: Cleopas Dlamini Capitals: Mbabane (administrative and judicial); Lobamba (legislative)5 Population: (2022 est. ) 1, 134, 000 Form Of Government: monarchy2 with two legislative houses (Senate [303]; House of Assembly [654]) Official Languages: Swati (Swazi); English Summary Read a brief summary of this topic Eswatini, officially Kingdom of Eswatini, Swati Umbuso weSwatini, previously called Kingdom of Swaziland, landlocked country in the eastern flank of South Africa, where it adjoins Mozambique. It extends about 110 miles (175 km) from north to south and about 80 miles (130 km) from west to east at its largest dimensions.
In the colonial era, as a protectorate, and later as an independent country, Eswatini was long known as Swaziland. The name Swazi is the Anglicized name of an early king and nation builder, Mswati II, who ruled from 1840 to 1868. The country’s administrative centre is Mbabane, former capital of the British colonial administration.
Factors such as soil composition and moisture produce a variety of vegetation subtypes. There are both wet and dry forests, various densities of savanna, and several grassland types, which range from sweet to sour based on their palatability when mature and dry. Altogether it is a rich flora, with ferns and flowering plants alone accounting for more than 2, 600 species. Some have a very limited distribution and are found only in or around Eswatini. The natural fauna has been severely depleted in recent years because of habitat destruction caused by the spread of the human population, and representative species such as antelope (impala, reedbuck, duiker, waterbuck, wildebeest, and kudu), hippopotamus, rhinoceros, elephant, giraffe, and zebra are found largely in protected reserves.
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