Incwala is best translated as "Kingship Ceremony": when there is no king, there is no incwala. It is a crime for any other person to hold an Incwala. Every Swazi may take part in the public parts of the Incwala. The climax of the event is the fourth day of the Big Incwala. The key figures are the king, queen mother, royal wives and children, the royal governors (indunas), the chiefs, the regiments, and the "bemanti" or "water people". Eswatini's most well-known cultural event is the annual Umhlanga Reed Dance. In the eight-day ceremony, girls cut reeds, present them to the Queen Mother and then dance.
He leads through example and advises his wives on all social affairs of the home, as well as seeing to the well-being of the family. He also spends time socialising with the young boys, who are often his sons or close relatives, advising them on the expectations of growing up and manhood. The sangoma is a traditional diviner chosen by the ancestors of that particular family. The training of the sangoma is called "kwetfwasa". At the end of the training, a graduation ceremony takes place where all the local sangoma come together for feasting and dancing. The diviner is consulted for various purposes, such as determining the cause of sickness or even death. His diagnosis is based on "kubhula", a process of communication, through trance, with the natural superpowers.
[112] Primary education begins at age six. It is a seven-year programme that culminates with an end-of-primary-school examination in grade 7 which is a locally based assessment administered by the Examinations Council through schools.. [113] The secondary and high school education system is a five-year programme divided into three years junior secondary and two years senior secondary. There is an external public examination (Junior Certificate) at the end of the junior secondary that learners must pass to progress to the senior secondary level. The Examinations Council of Swaziland administers this examination.
500°ECoordinates: 26°30′S 31°30′E / 26. 500°ELargest cityManziniOfficial languagesSwaziEnglishEthnic groups 84% Swati10% Zulu6% OthersReligion (2022)89. 3% Christianity—88. 8% Protestantism—0. 5% Other Christian7. 4% No religion2. 2% Undeclared0. 5% Traditional faiths0. 6% Others[1]Demonym(s)Emaswati (plural)Liswati (singular)GovernmentUnitary absolute monarchy• Ngwenyama Mswati III• Ndlovukati Ntfombi• Prime Minister Cleopas Dlamini• Chief Justice Bheki MaphalalaLegislatureParliament• Upper houseSenate• Lower houseHouse of AssemblyIndependence from the United Kingdom• Granted 6 September 1968• United Nations membership 24 September 1968• Current constitution 2005[2][3][4]• Renaming 19 April 2018Area • Total17, 364 km2 (6, 704 sq mi) (153rd)• Water (%)0.
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5 million speakers and is taught in schools. It is an official language of Eswatini, along with English, [101] and one of the official languages of South Africa. English is the medium of communication in schools, conducting business, and the press. [102] About 76, 000 people in the country speak Zulu. [103] Tsonga, which is spoken by many people throughout the region is spoken by about 19, 000 people in Eswatini. Afrikaans is also spoken by some residents of Afrikaner descent. Portuguese has been introduced as a third language in the schools because of the large community of Portuguese speakers from Mozambique[citation needed] or Northern and Central Portugal. [104] Religion[edit] Eighty-three percent of the total population adheres to Christianity in Eswatini.
SIMPA is a government-owned management and development institute, and IDM is a regional organisation in Botswana, Lesotho, and Eswatini, providing training, consultancy, and research in management. North Carolina State University's Poole College of Management is a sister school of SIMPA. [129] The Mananga Management Centre was established at Ezulwini as Mananga Agricultural Management Centre in 1972 as an international management development centre offering training of middle and senior managers.
Eswatini contains three ecosystems: Maputaland coastal forest mosaic, Zambezian and mopane woodlands, and Drakensberg montane grasslands. [52] The country had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4. 21/10, ranking it 142nd globally out of 172 countries. [53] Climate[edit] Eswatini is divided into four climatic regions: the Highveld, Middleveld, Lowveld, and Lubombo plateau.
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The inyanga (a medical and pharmaceutical specialist in western terms) possesses the bone throwing skill ("kushaya ematsambo") used to determine the cause of the sickness. The most important cultural event in Eswatini is the Incwala ceremony. [131] It is held on the fourth day after the full moon nearest the longest day, 21 December. Incwala is often translated in English as "first fruits ceremony", but the king's tasting of the new harvest is only one aspect among many in this long pageant.
The extent of their autonomy, however, was drastically curtailed by Mswati, who attacked and subdued some of them in the 1850s. [31] With his power, Mswati greatly reduced the influence of the Emakhandzambili while incorporating more people into his kingdom either through conquest or by giving them refuge. These later arrivals became known to the Swazis as Emafikamuva.
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The cattle byre has ritual as well as practical significance as a store of wealth and symbol of prestige. It contains sealed grain pits. Facing the cattle byre is the great hut which is occupied by the mother of the headman. The headman is central to all homestead affairs, and he is often polygamous.
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[70] Drafts were released for comment in May 1999 and November 2000. These were strongly criticised by civil society organisations in Swaziland and human rights organisations elsewhere. A 15-member team was announced in December 2001 to draft a new constitution; several members of this team were reported to be close to the royal family.
[130] Culture[edit] King Mswati III at the reed dance festival where he will choose his next wife The principal Swazi social unit is the homestead, a traditional beehive hut thatched with dry grass. In a polygamous homestead, each wife has her own hut and yard surrounded by reed fences. There are three structures for sleeping, cooking, and storage (brewing beer). Larger homesteads also have structures used as bachelors' quarters and guest accommodation. Central to the traditional homestead is the cattle byre, a circular area enclosed by large logs, interspersed with branches.
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